So I figured out what was so horribly wrong with my audio circuit.
Turns out, op amps need three points of reference. Normally these are something like ground, +5V, and -5V. But when you're working with just USB power, you've only got +5 and ground; I needed something in between the two so the opamp knew wtf to do. Today I learned about voltage dividers, and split my +5V into a +2.5V, into the non-inverting input on the opamp. Boom, hotdog. Audio is clean and clear in almost every situation. Additionally, adding audio inputs works exactly as I'd like, everything stays nice and even and blends perfectly.
I was hearing some weird distortion at times, but a little reading suggested I buffer my voltage divider with another opamp. This seems to have done the trick. Now if I only had a working microprocessor...
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